New Trends and Evidence for the Management of Renal Angiomyolipoma: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of the Literature
Main Article Content
Keywords
angiomyolipoma, diagnosis, kidney neoplasms, review, therapeutics
Abstract
Treatment of renal angiomyolipoma (AML) seeks to reduce related complications and preserve kidney function. The purpose of this article was to perform an updated literature review on the diagnosis, therapeutic options, and criteria for invasive intervention in patients with renal AML. Computerized tomography is the standard diagnostic method for renal AML, while definitive diagnosis is made by histopathology. The management of choice in most cases is active surveillance (AS), with a clinical and imaging follow-up protocol. In high-risk cases, therapeutic management should be considered, with alternatives such as selective arterial embolization (SAE), nephron-sparing surgery (NSS), and mTOR inhibitors in selected patients. Renal AML in women of childbearing age, those with growth >0.25 cm/year, intralesional aneurysms >5 mm, and clinically significant symptoms may qualify for active treatment. Despite the limitations derived from the available evidence, it is possible to consider SAE, NSS, and the use of mTOR inhibitors as management alternatives for selected patients.
References
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8. Samuels JA. Treatment of renal angiomyolipoma and other hamartomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(7):1196–202. 10.2215/CJN.08150816
9. Halpenny D, Snow A, McNeill G, Torreggiani WC. The radiological diagnosis and treatment of renal angiomyolipoma-current status. Clin Radiol. 2010;65(2):99–108. 10.1016/j.crad.2009.09.014
10. Courtney M, Mulholland D, O’Neill D, Redmond C, Ryan J, Geoghegan T, et al. Natural growth pattern of sporadic renal angiomyolipoma. Acta Radiol. 2020;62(2):284185120918372. 10.1177/0284185120918372
11. Ouzaid I, Autorino R, Fatica R, Herts BR, McLennan G, Remer EM, et al. Active surveillance for renal angiomyolipoma: Outcomes and factors predictive of delayed intervention. BJU Int. 2014;114(3):412–17. 10.1016/S1569-9056(14)60089-0
12. Troncoso P, Sarras MA, Calvo CI, Barra L, Méndez GP, Bustamante C. Angiomiolipoma renal: ¿Es siempre un tumor benigno? [Renal angiomyolipoma: Is it always a benign tumor?]. Rev Chil Urol. 2014;79(4):71–4. [Article in Spanish]
13. Idilman IS, Vesnic S, Cil B, Peynircioglu B. Giant renal artery pseudoaneurysm caused by rupture of renal angiomyolipoma following pregnancy: Endovascular treatment and review of the literature. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25(2):385–9. 10.4103/1319-2442.128570
14. Vos N, Oyen R. Renal angiomyolipoma: The good, the bad, and the ugly. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2018;102(1):41. 10.5334/jbsr.1536
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16. Ellis RJ, Edey DP, Del Vecchio SJ, McStea M, Campbell SB, Hawley CM, et al. End-stage kidney disease following surgical management of kidney cancer. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(11):1641–8. 10.2215/CJN.06560518
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20. Park BK. Renal angiomyolipoma based on new classification: How to differentiate it from renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;212(3):582–8. 10.2214/AJR.18.20408
21. Ortega Hrescak MC, Ezquer AJ, Pérez Renfiges A, López Galíndez AJ, Cenice FF, López RE. Angiomiolipoma renal atípico v ersus carcinoma de células renales: dilema diagnóstico. Hallazgos útiles por tomografía computada para la discriminación de estos tumores [Atypical renal angiomyolipoma versus carcinoma renal cell: Diagnosis dilemma. Findings by computed tomography for the discrimination of these tumors]. Rev Argent Radiol. 2016;80(2):99–111. [Article in Spanish]. 10.1016/j.rard.2016.04.010
22. Sutherland EL, Choromanska A, Al-Katib S, Coffey M. Outcomes of ultrasound guided renal mass biopsies. J Ultrasound. 2018;21(2):99–104. 10.1007/s40477-018-0299-0
23. Lobo JM, Clements MB, Bitner DP, Mikula MD, Noona SW, Sultan MI, et al. Does renal mass biopsy influence multidisciplinary treatment recommendations? Scand J Urol. 2020;54(1):27–32. 10.1080/21681805.2019.1703805
24. Ryan JW, Farrelly C, Geoghegan T. What are the indications for prophylactic embolization of renal angiomyolipomas? A review of the current evidence in the literature. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2018;69(3):236–9. 10.1016/j.carj.2018.01.002
25. Nelson CP, Sanda MG. Contemporary diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 2002;168(4 Pt 1):1315–25. 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64440-0
26. Yamakado K, Tanaka N, Nakagawa T, Kobayashi S, Yanagawa M, Takeda K. Renal angiomyolipoma: Relationships between tumor size, aneurysm formation, and rupture. Radiology. 2002;225(1):78–82. 10.1148/radiol.2251011477
27. Gandhi SP, Pal BC, Patel KN, Sutariya H, Trivedi HL. Role of 64 slice multidetector computed tomography and angiography to establish relationship between tumor size, aneurysm formation and spontaneous rupture of renal angiomyolipomas: Single center experience. Urol Ann. 2016;8(2):173–7. 10.4103/0974-7796.172213
28. Champagnac J, Melodelima C, Martinelli T, Pagnoux G, Badet L, Juillard L, et al. Microaneurysms in renal angiomyolipomas: Can clinical and computed tomography features predict their presence and size? Diagn Interv Imaging. 2016;97(3):321–6. 10.1016/j.diii.2015.12.004
29. Murray TE, Doyle F, Lee M. Transarterial embolization of angiomyolipoma: A systematic review. J Urol. 2015;194(3):635–9. 10.1016/j.juro.2015.04.081
30. Swärd J, Henrikson O, Lyrdal D, Peeker R, Lundstam S. Renal angiomyolipoma-patient characteristics and treatment with focus on active surveillance. Scand J Urol. 2020;54(2):141–6. 10.1080/21681805.2020.1716066
31. Hatano T, Egawa S. Renal angiomyolipoma with tuberous sclerosis complex: How it differs from sporadic angiomyolipoma in both management and care. Asian J Surg. 2020;43(10):967–72. 10.1016/j.asjsur.2019.12.008
32. Raft J, Lalot JM, Meistelman C, Longrois D. Rôle de la grossesse dans la rupture d’un angiomyolipome rénal [Influence of pregnancy on renal angiomyolipoma]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2005;33(11):898–906. [Article in French]. 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.09.015
33. Brakemeier S, Bachmann F, Budde K. Treatment of renal angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(7):1137–44. 10.1007/s00467-016-3474-6
34. Zonnenberg BA, Neary MP, Duh MS, Ionescu-Ittu R, Fortier J, Vekeman F. Observational study of characteristics and clinical outcomes of Dutch patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and renal angiomyolipoma treated with everolimus. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0204646. 10.1371/journal.pone.0204646
35. Bissler JJ, Budde K, Sauter M, Franz DN, Zonnenberg BA, Frost MD, et al. Effect of everolimus on renal function in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: Evidence from EXIST-1 and EXIST-2. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34(6):1000–8. 10.1093/ndt/gfy132
36. Nese N, Martignoni G, Fletcher CD, Gupta R, Pan CC, Kim H, et al. Pure epithelioid PEComas (so-called epithelioid angiomyolipoma) of the kidney: A clinicopathologic study of 41 cases: Detailed assessment of morphology and risk stratification. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35(2):161–76. 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318206f2a9
37. Bhatt JR, Richard PO, Kim NS, Finelli A, Manickavachagam K, Legere L, et al. Natural history of renal angiomyolipoma (AML): Most patients with large AMLs >4cm can be offered active surveillance as an initial management strategy. Eur Urol. 2016;70(1):85–90. 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.01.048
38. Muller A, Rouvière O. Renal artery embolization-indications, technical approaches and outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11(5):288–301. 10.1038/nrneph.2014.231
39. Rosenov A, Schindewolf M, Baumgartner I, Saely C. Selective arterial embolizations of renal angiomyolipomas using 96% ethanol: A case series of 5 patients. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2020;13:1179547620906863. 10.1177/1179547620906863
40. Rimon U, Duvdevani M, Garniek A, Golan G, Bensaid P, Ramon J, et al. Ethanol and polyvinyl alcohol mixture for transcatheter embolization of renal angiomyolipoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(3):762–8. 10.2214/AJR.05.0629
41. Kothary N, Soulen MC, Clark TW, Wein AJ, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Crino PB, et al. Renal angiomyolipoma: Long-term results after arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(1):45–50. 10.1097/01.RVI.0000143769.79774.70
42. Lin L, Wang C, Pei R, Guan H, Wang J, Yang M, et al. Prophylactic selective arterial embolization for renal angiomyolipomas: Efficacy and evaluation of predictive factors of significant shrinkage. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018;50(10):1765–70. 10.1007/s11255-018-1953-3
43. Bissler JJ, Racadio J, Donnelly LF, Johnson ND. Reduction of postembolization syndrome after ablation of renal angiomyolipoma. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(5):966–71. 10.1053/ajkd.2002.32770
44. Anis O, Rimon U, Ramon J, Khaitovich B, Zilberman DE, Portnoy O, et al. Selective arterial embolization for large or symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma: 10 years of follow-up. Urology. 2020;135:82–7. 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.035
45. Castle SM, Gorbatiy V, Ekwenna O, Young E, Leveillee RJ. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy for renal angiomyolipoma (AML): An alternative to angio-embolization and nephron-sparing surgery. BJU Int. 2012;109(3):384–7. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10376.x
46. Prevoo W, van den Bosch MA, Horenblas S. Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of sporadic angiomyolipoma. Urology. 2008;72(1):188–91. 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.059
47. Streja E, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Molnar MZ, Landman J, Arah OA, Kovesdy CP. Radical versus partial nephrectomy, chronic kidney disease progression and mortality in US veterans. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33(1):95–101.
48. Boorjian SA, Frank I, Inman B, Lohse CM, Cheville JC, Leibovich BC, et al. The role of partial nephrectomy for the management of sporadic renal angiomyolipoma. Urology. 2007;70(6):1064–8. 10.1016/j.urology.2007.07.045
49. Berglund RK, Bernstein M, Manion MT, Touijer KA, Russo P. Incidental angiomyolipoma resected during renal surgery for an enhancing renal mass. BJU Int. 2009;104(11):1650–4. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08677.x
50. Bardin F, Chevallier O, Bertaut A, Delorme E, Moulin M, Pottecher P, et al. Selective arterial embolization of symptomatic and asymptomatic renal angiomyolipomas: A retrospective study of safety, outcomes and tumor size reduction. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2017;7(1):8–23. 10.21037/qims.2017.01.02
51. Lin CY, Yang CK, Ou YC, Chiu KY, Cheng CL, Ho HC, et al. Long-term outcome of robotic partial nephrectomy for renal angiomyolipoma. Asian J Surg. 2018;41(2):187–91. 10.1016/j.asjsur.2016.11.003
2. Wang SF, Lo WO. Benign neoplasm of kidney: Angiomyolipoma. J Med Ultrasound. 2018;26(3):119–22. 10.4103/JMU.JMU_48_18
3. Flum AS, Hamoui N, Said MA, Yang XJ, Casalino DD, McGuire BB, et al. Update on the diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 2016;195(4 Pt 1):834–46. 10.1016/j.juro.2015.07.126
4. Murad Gutiérrez V, Aponte Barrios WO, Romero Enciso JA. Angiomiolipoma renal: nuevas perspectivas [Renal angiomyolipoma: New perspectives]. Rev Colomb Urol. 2016;25(1):16–24. [Article in Spanish]. 10.1016/j.uroco.2015.12.009
5. Urciuoli P, D’Orazi V, Livadoti G, Foresi E, Panunzi A, Anichini S, et al. Treatment of renal angiomyolipoma: Surgery versus angioembolization. G Chir. 2013;34(11–12):326–31.
6. Seyam RM, Alkhudair WK, Kattan SA, Alotaibi MF, Alzahrani HM, Altaweel WM. The risks of renal angiomyolipoma: Reviewing the evidence. J Kidney Cancer VHL. 2017;4(4):13–25. 10.15586/jkcvhl.2017.97
7. Lee KH, Tsai HY, Kao YT, Lin HC, Chou YC, Su SH, et al. Clinical behavior and management of three types of renal angiomyolipomas. J Formos Med Assoc. 2019;118(1 Pt 1):162–9. 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.02.012
8. Samuels JA. Treatment of renal angiomyolipoma and other hamartomas in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(7):1196–202. 10.2215/CJN.08150816
9. Halpenny D, Snow A, McNeill G, Torreggiani WC. The radiological diagnosis and treatment of renal angiomyolipoma-current status. Clin Radiol. 2010;65(2):99–108. 10.1016/j.crad.2009.09.014
10. Courtney M, Mulholland D, O’Neill D, Redmond C, Ryan J, Geoghegan T, et al. Natural growth pattern of sporadic renal angiomyolipoma. Acta Radiol. 2020;62(2):284185120918372. 10.1177/0284185120918372
11. Ouzaid I, Autorino R, Fatica R, Herts BR, McLennan G, Remer EM, et al. Active surveillance for renal angiomyolipoma: Outcomes and factors predictive of delayed intervention. BJU Int. 2014;114(3):412–17. 10.1016/S1569-9056(14)60089-0
12. Troncoso P, Sarras MA, Calvo CI, Barra L, Méndez GP, Bustamante C. Angiomiolipoma renal: ¿Es siempre un tumor benigno? [Renal angiomyolipoma: Is it always a benign tumor?]. Rev Chil Urol. 2014;79(4):71–4. [Article in Spanish]
13. Idilman IS, Vesnic S, Cil B, Peynircioglu B. Giant renal artery pseudoaneurysm caused by rupture of renal angiomyolipoma following pregnancy: Endovascular treatment and review of the literature. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2014;25(2):385–9. 10.4103/1319-2442.128570
14. Vos N, Oyen R. Renal angiomyolipoma: The good, the bad, and the ugly. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2018;102(1):41. 10.5334/jbsr.1536
15. Koo KC, Kim WT, Ham WS, Lee JS, Ju HJ, Choi YD. Trends of presentation and clinical outcome of treated renal angiomyolipoma. Yonsei Med J. 2010;51(5):728–34. 10.3349/ymj.2010.51.5.728
16. Ellis RJ, Edey DP, Del Vecchio SJ, McStea M, Campbell SB, Hawley CM, et al. End-stage kidney disease following surgical management of kidney cancer. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;13(11):1641–8. 10.2215/CJN.06560518
17. Kingswood JC, Bissler JJ, Budde K, Hulbert J, Guay-Woodford L, Sampson JR, et al. Review of the tuberous sclerosis renal guidelines from the 2012 consensus conference: Current data and future study. Nephron. 2016;134(2):51–8. 10.1159/000448293
18. Murray TE, Lee MJ. Are we overtreating renal angiomyolipoma: A review of the literature and assessment of contemporary management and follow-up strategies. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;41(4):525–36. 10.1007/s00270-017-1862-3
19. Fernández-Pello S, Hora M, Kuusk T, Tahbaz R, Dabestani S, Abu-Ghanem Y, et al. Management of sporadic renal angiomyolipomas: A systematic review of available evidence to guide recommendations from the European Association of Urology Renal Cell Carcinoma Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol Oncol. 2020;3(1):57–72. 10.1016/j.euo.2019.04.005
20. Park BK. Renal angiomyolipoma based on new classification: How to differentiate it from renal cell carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019;212(3):582–8. 10.2214/AJR.18.20408
21. Ortega Hrescak MC, Ezquer AJ, Pérez Renfiges A, López Galíndez AJ, Cenice FF, López RE. Angiomiolipoma renal atípico v ersus carcinoma de células renales: dilema diagnóstico. Hallazgos útiles por tomografía computada para la discriminación de estos tumores [Atypical renal angiomyolipoma versus carcinoma renal cell: Diagnosis dilemma. Findings by computed tomography for the discrimination of these tumors]. Rev Argent Radiol. 2016;80(2):99–111. [Article in Spanish]. 10.1016/j.rard.2016.04.010
22. Sutherland EL, Choromanska A, Al-Katib S, Coffey M. Outcomes of ultrasound guided renal mass biopsies. J Ultrasound. 2018;21(2):99–104. 10.1007/s40477-018-0299-0
23. Lobo JM, Clements MB, Bitner DP, Mikula MD, Noona SW, Sultan MI, et al. Does renal mass biopsy influence multidisciplinary treatment recommendations? Scand J Urol. 2020;54(1):27–32. 10.1080/21681805.2019.1703805
24. Ryan JW, Farrelly C, Geoghegan T. What are the indications for prophylactic embolization of renal angiomyolipomas? A review of the current evidence in the literature. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2018;69(3):236–9. 10.1016/j.carj.2018.01.002
25. Nelson CP, Sanda MG. Contemporary diagnosis and management of renal angiomyolipoma. J Urol. 2002;168(4 Pt 1):1315–25. 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64440-0
26. Yamakado K, Tanaka N, Nakagawa T, Kobayashi S, Yanagawa M, Takeda K. Renal angiomyolipoma: Relationships between tumor size, aneurysm formation, and rupture. Radiology. 2002;225(1):78–82. 10.1148/radiol.2251011477
27. Gandhi SP, Pal BC, Patel KN, Sutariya H, Trivedi HL. Role of 64 slice multidetector computed tomography and angiography to establish relationship between tumor size, aneurysm formation and spontaneous rupture of renal angiomyolipomas: Single center experience. Urol Ann. 2016;8(2):173–7. 10.4103/0974-7796.172213
28. Champagnac J, Melodelima C, Martinelli T, Pagnoux G, Badet L, Juillard L, et al. Microaneurysms in renal angiomyolipomas: Can clinical and computed tomography features predict their presence and size? Diagn Interv Imaging. 2016;97(3):321–6. 10.1016/j.diii.2015.12.004
29. Murray TE, Doyle F, Lee M. Transarterial embolization of angiomyolipoma: A systematic review. J Urol. 2015;194(3):635–9. 10.1016/j.juro.2015.04.081
30. Swärd J, Henrikson O, Lyrdal D, Peeker R, Lundstam S. Renal angiomyolipoma-patient characteristics and treatment with focus on active surveillance. Scand J Urol. 2020;54(2):141–6. 10.1080/21681805.2020.1716066
31. Hatano T, Egawa S. Renal angiomyolipoma with tuberous sclerosis complex: How it differs from sporadic angiomyolipoma in both management and care. Asian J Surg. 2020;43(10):967–72. 10.1016/j.asjsur.2019.12.008
32. Raft J, Lalot JM, Meistelman C, Longrois D. Rôle de la grossesse dans la rupture d’un angiomyolipome rénal [Influence of pregnancy on renal angiomyolipoma]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2005;33(11):898–906. [Article in French]. 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.09.015
33. Brakemeier S, Bachmann F, Budde K. Treatment of renal angiomyolipoma in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) patients. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017;32(7):1137–44. 10.1007/s00467-016-3474-6
34. Zonnenberg BA, Neary MP, Duh MS, Ionescu-Ittu R, Fortier J, Vekeman F. Observational study of characteristics and clinical outcomes of Dutch patients with tuberous sclerosis complex and renal angiomyolipoma treated with everolimus. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0204646. 10.1371/journal.pone.0204646
35. Bissler JJ, Budde K, Sauter M, Franz DN, Zonnenberg BA, Frost MD, et al. Effect of everolimus on renal function in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex: Evidence from EXIST-1 and EXIST-2. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2019;34(6):1000–8. 10.1093/ndt/gfy132
36. Nese N, Martignoni G, Fletcher CD, Gupta R, Pan CC, Kim H, et al. Pure epithelioid PEComas (so-called epithelioid angiomyolipoma) of the kidney: A clinicopathologic study of 41 cases: Detailed assessment of morphology and risk stratification. Am J Surg Pathol. 2011;35(2):161–76. 10.1097/PAS.0b013e318206f2a9
37. Bhatt JR, Richard PO, Kim NS, Finelli A, Manickavachagam K, Legere L, et al. Natural history of renal angiomyolipoma (AML): Most patients with large AMLs >4cm can be offered active surveillance as an initial management strategy. Eur Urol. 2016;70(1):85–90. 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.01.048
38. Muller A, Rouvière O. Renal artery embolization-indications, technical approaches and outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11(5):288–301. 10.1038/nrneph.2014.231
39. Rosenov A, Schindewolf M, Baumgartner I, Saely C. Selective arterial embolizations of renal angiomyolipomas using 96% ethanol: A case series of 5 patients. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2020;13:1179547620906863. 10.1177/1179547620906863
40. Rimon U, Duvdevani M, Garniek A, Golan G, Bensaid P, Ramon J, et al. Ethanol and polyvinyl alcohol mixture for transcatheter embolization of renal angiomyolipoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(3):762–8. 10.2214/AJR.05.0629
41. Kothary N, Soulen MC, Clark TW, Wein AJ, Shlansky-Goldberg RD, Crino PB, et al. Renal angiomyolipoma: Long-term results after arterial embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2005;16(1):45–50. 10.1097/01.RVI.0000143769.79774.70
42. Lin L, Wang C, Pei R, Guan H, Wang J, Yang M, et al. Prophylactic selective arterial embolization for renal angiomyolipomas: Efficacy and evaluation of predictive factors of significant shrinkage. Int Urol Nephrol. 2018;50(10):1765–70. 10.1007/s11255-018-1953-3
43. Bissler JJ, Racadio J, Donnelly LF, Johnson ND. Reduction of postembolization syndrome after ablation of renal angiomyolipoma. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39(5):966–71. 10.1053/ajkd.2002.32770
44. Anis O, Rimon U, Ramon J, Khaitovich B, Zilberman DE, Portnoy O, et al. Selective arterial embolization for large or symptomatic renal angiomyolipoma: 10 years of follow-up. Urology. 2020;135:82–7. 10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.035
45. Castle SM, Gorbatiy V, Ekwenna O, Young E, Leveillee RJ. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy for renal angiomyolipoma (AML): An alternative to angio-embolization and nephron-sparing surgery. BJU Int. 2012;109(3):384–7. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10376.x
46. Prevoo W, van den Bosch MA, Horenblas S. Radiofrequency ablation for treatment of sporadic angiomyolipoma. Urology. 2008;72(1):188–91. 10.1016/j.urology.2008.02.059
47. Streja E, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Molnar MZ, Landman J, Arah OA, Kovesdy CP. Radical versus partial nephrectomy, chronic kidney disease progression and mortality in US veterans. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2018;33(1):95–101.
48. Boorjian SA, Frank I, Inman B, Lohse CM, Cheville JC, Leibovich BC, et al. The role of partial nephrectomy for the management of sporadic renal angiomyolipoma. Urology. 2007;70(6):1064–8. 10.1016/j.urology.2007.07.045
49. Berglund RK, Bernstein M, Manion MT, Touijer KA, Russo P. Incidental angiomyolipoma resected during renal surgery for an enhancing renal mass. BJU Int. 2009;104(11):1650–4. 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08677.x
50. Bardin F, Chevallier O, Bertaut A, Delorme E, Moulin M, Pottecher P, et al. Selective arterial embolization of symptomatic and asymptomatic renal angiomyolipomas: A retrospective study of safety, outcomes and tumor size reduction. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2017;7(1):8–23. 10.21037/qims.2017.01.02
51. Lin CY, Yang CK, Ou YC, Chiu KY, Cheng CL, Ho HC, et al. Long-term outcome of robotic partial nephrectomy for renal angiomyolipoma. Asian J Surg. 2018;41(2):187–91. 10.1016/j.asjsur.2016.11.003
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Published
Jan 21, 2022
Article Details
How to Cite
New Trends and Evidence for the Management of Renal Angiomyolipoma: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of the Literature. (2022). Journal of Kidney Cancer, 9(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.15586/jkcvhl.v9i1.177
Section
Narrative Review
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Author Biography
Carlos Andres Riveros Sabogal, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
How to Cite
New Trends and Evidence for the Management of Renal Angiomyolipoma: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of the Literature. (2022). Journal of Kidney Cancer, 9(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.15586/jkcvhl.v9i1.177